Dermacentor variabilis is cosmopolitan throughout the state ( Demaree Jr. ewingii), tularemia ( Francisella tularensis), and Heartland virus ( Rodino et al. It can vector the causative agents of ehrlichioses ( Ehrlichia chaffeensis, E. states of Michigan, New York, and Maine ( Springer et al. americanum is projected to expand its range northward as the climate warms, and can already be found in the northern U.S. americanum was established in Indiana in the mid-20th century, and has been historically distributed primarily in the state's southwestern counties ( Springer et al. The three most common tick species of human health importance in the Lower Midwest include the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) (Linnaeus), the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) (Say), and the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) (Say). In this study, we conducted repeated censuses over two years to investigate the diversity, density, and dynamics of tick communities in southern and central Indiana, which are characteristic of the Lower Midwest. Therefore, assessing the regional presence, relative density, diversity, and local phenology of tick species is of direct public health importance. The risk of disease transmission from tick bites has commonly been linked to the density of host-seeking ticks ( Mather et al. counties with high incidence of Lyme disease has increased drastically from 1993 to 2012 ( Kugeler et al. In the United States, reports of tick-borne disease have been increasing over the past decades-annual case counts increased by over 100% between 20, with Lyme disease comprising the majority of cases ( Rosenberg et al. Ticks act as vectors of numerous human pathogens, which can cause symptoms that can vary in persistence and severity, and can lead to mortality ( Rodino et al. Ixodidae, tick, distribution, seasonal activity americanum in the Lower Midwest, as well as the increasing geographic prevalence of I. Our results reflect the northward expansion of A. variabilis densities were positively correlated at our sites. scapularis adults were most common in the early spring and fall. Seasonally, we observed the highest peaks in tick activity in the spring and early summer, but I. scapularis nymphs than more northern sites. More southern sites featured higher densities of A. We did not find significant interannual variation in tick densities for any species. scapularis adults in more forested areas as opposed to less forested, more developed areas. Using negative binomial regression, we observed significant spatial variation among sampling sites in A. We also provide the first report of Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) (Koch) in Indiana. scapularis than previously reported in the literature. americanum and more widespread establishment of I. We found more northerly establishment of A. scapularis, and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) (Say) across 13 counties in southern and south-central Indiana. In recent decades, both Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) (Linnaeus) and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) (Say) have been expanding their ranges into the Midwest. We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of medically important tick species in southcentral Indiana in 20.
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